ODORLESS, DARK RED, NONFLAMMABLE CRYSTALS WHICH MAY BE FATAL VIA SKIN CONT, INHALATION, OR INGESTION. OXIDIZER - USE AND STORE AWAY FROM INCOMPATIBLE, MATERIALS. CORROSIVE - CAN CAUSE SEVERE BURNS TO EYES, SKIN, AND MUCOUS, MEMBRANES, CANCER HAZARD BY INHALATION - CONTAINS HEXAVALENT, CHROMIUM. MAY, EXPLOSIVELY WITH ORGANIC MATERIALS TO SUSTAIN FIRE. AVOID DIRECT CONTACT W, THIS MATERIAL. DO NOT EAT, DRINK OR SMOKE IN AREAS WHERE CHROMIC ACID IS B, USED OR STORED. KEEP CONTAINERS CLOSED WHEN IN USE.. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS; PRIMARY ROUTE(S) OF ENTRY:

SKIN AND EYE CONTACT, INHALATION, INGESTION.

TARGET ORGANS:

EYE, SKIN, KIDNEYS, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, LIVER, ACUTE EFFECTS:

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

CHROMIC ACID CAN DAMAGE THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES. CHROMIC ACID POISON MAY CAUSE VOMITING, PAIN IN THE ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH, AND METALLIC TASTE. CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE MAY FOLLOW WITH WEAK AND RAPID PULSE, SHALLOW RESPIRA AND CLAMMY SKIN. EARLY DEATHS ARE GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SHOCK. LATE DE ARE USUALLY DUE TO RENAL OR HEPATIC FAILURE. EYE: CONTACT CAN CAUSE CORROSIVE BURNS, CORNEAL DAMAGE, AND BLINDNESS. DIRECT C MAY ALSO CAUSE SEVERE DAMAGE NCLUDING BURNS AND BLINDNESS.

SKIN: DIRECT CONTACT WITH CHROMIC ACID CAN CAUSE SENSITIZATION, SEVERE BURNS, AN EXTERNAL ULCERS, "CHROME SORES". CHROME SORES MOST COMMONLY OCCUR AT BREAK THE SKIN, NAILROOTS, CREASES OVER KNUCKLES, FINGER WEBS, BACKS OF HANDS, A FOREARMS. MASSIVE OVEREXPOSURE COULD LEAD TO TOXIC QUANTITIES BEING ABSORB THROUGH THE SKIN CAUSING SYSTEMIC POISONING AND/OR KIDNEY OR LIVER DAMAGE.

INGESTION:

MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED. INGESTION OF CHROMIC ACID CAN BE FATAL DUE TO CORROSIVE BURNS AS WELL AS SYSTEMIC EFFECTS. CHROMIC ACID CAUSES VIOLENT GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION AND VOMITING. SYSTEMIC POISONING MAY FOLLOW INGESTION WITH ENSUING KIDNEY AND LIVER DAMAGE.

INHALATION:

INHALATION OF DUSTS AND MISTS CAN BURN THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES, IRRITATE THE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND/OR CAUSE BRONCHIOSPASMS AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE ULCERATI REPEATED OR PROLONGED INHALATION MAY CAUSE ULCERATION AND PERFORATION OF TNASAL SEPTUM.

CHRONIC EFFECTS:

REPEATED INHALATION OF CHROMIC ACID CAUSES NASAL PERFORATION, SKIN ULCERAT CHRONIC RHINITIS, PHARYNGITIS, KIDNEY AND LIVER DAMAGE, INFLAMMATION OF TH LARYNX, CHANGES IN THE BLOOD AND LUNG CANCER. TRANSFER OF CHROMIC ACID TO EYES FROM THE FINGERS OR DROPLETS IN THE AIR CAN CAUSE CHRONIC CONJUNCTIVA INFLAMMATION AND OCCASIONALLY A BROWN BAND IN THE CORNEA.

CARCINOGENICITY: IARC: YES(1) NTP: YES(1) OSHA: NO

IARC CLASSIFIES HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS AS AGENT(S) WHICH ARE CARCIN TO HUMANS. NTP CLASSIFIES CHROMIUM (HEXAVALENT) AND CERTAIN HEXAVALENT CHR COMPOUNDS AS A GROUP OF SUBSTANCES WHICH IS KNOWN TO BE CARCINOGENIC. MEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED BY EXPOSURE:

PERSONS WITH SKIN, LIVER, KIDNEY, AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MAY BE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE EFFECTS OF CHROMATES. PERSONS WITH KNOWN SENSITIZATION CHROMIC ACID OR CHROMATES OR WITH A HISTORY OF ASTHMA MAY BE AT INCREASED FROM EXPOSURE (ACUTE ASTHMATIC ATTACKS).

------4. FIRST AID MEASURES ------

EYE CONTACT:

IMMEDIATELY HOLD EYES OPEN AND FLUSH WITH A STEADY, GENTLE STREAM OF WATER 15 MINUTES. REMOVE CONTACT LENSES, IF PRESENT. SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTE

SKIN:

IMMEDIATELY FLUSH AFFECTED AREA(S) WITH WATER FOR AT LEAST 15 MINUTES WHIL REMOVING CONTAMINATED CLOTHING AND SHOES. SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATE THOROUGHLY CLEAN CONTAMINATED CLOTHING AND SHOES BEFORE REUSE OR DISCARD.

INHALATION:

REMOVE TO FRESH AIR. IF BREATHING IS DIFFICULT, ADMINISTER OXYGEN. IF BREA HAS STOPPED, GIVE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION. SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATE NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: CONTINUE TO MONITOR FOR RESPIRATORY DISTRESS FOR 72 HOU

INGESTION:

NEVER GIVE ANYTHING BY MOUTH TO AN UNCONSCIOUS PERSON. DO NOT INDUCE VOMIT GIVE LARGE QUANTITIES OF WATER. IF AVAILABLE, GIVE SEVERAL GLASSES OF MILK VOMITING OCCURS SPONTANEOUSLY, KEEP AIRWAYS CLEAR AND GIVE MORE WATER. SEE MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY. IMMEDIATE ADMINISTRATION OF ASCORBIC ACID (DISSOLVED IN WATER) BY MOUTH OR INTRAVENOUSLY IS RECOMMENDED. (SEE NOTES

PHYSICIAN). NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: MASSIVE OVEREXPOSURE TO CHROMIC ACID COULD TO KIDNEY FAILURE AND DEATH. DEATH HAS BEEN AVOIDED IN SEVERAL SUCH CASES THROUGH THE USE OF EARLY RENAL DIALYSIS. AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT HAS BEEN S TO BE ADMINISTRATION OF ASCORBIC ACID BY MOUTH OR INTRAVENOUSLY. SKIN ULCE BE TREATED BY REMOVAL FROM EXPOSURE, DAILY CLEANSING AND DEBRIDEMENT, AND APPLICATION OF ANTIBIOTIC CREAM AND DRESSING TO PREVENT FURTHER EXPOSURE O CONTAMINATION.

------5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES ------

FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES:

FLAMMABLE LIMITS:

LEL: NOT APPLICABLE

UEL: NOT APPLICABLE

HMIS HAZARD CLASSIFICATION:

HEALTH: 3

FLAMMABILITY: 0

REACTIVITY: 1

OXIDIZER:

EXTINGUISHING MEDIA:

PRODUCT IS NONFLAMMABLE. USE MEDIA APPROPRIATE FOR SURROUNDING FIRE.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS:

CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE WHEN INVOLVED IN FIRE. CHROMIC ACID REACTS STRONGLY MATERIALS WHICH ARE READILY OXIDIZED. REACTION MAY BE RAPID ENOUGH TO CAUS IGNITION. COMBUSTION CAN BE VIOLENT WITH FINELY DIVIDED OXIDIZABLE SUBSTAN OXIDIZING CAPABILITY MAY ALSO SUSTAIN A FIRE INVOLVING EASILY OXIDIZABLE MATERIAL. THERMAL DECOMPOSITION MAY PRODUCE CHROMIC OXIDE AND OXYGEN.

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT:

FIREFIGHTERS SHOULD WEAR A NIOSH/MSHA-APPROVED SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS IN POSITIVE PRESSURE MODE AND BUNKER GEAR. ADDITIONAL CHEMICAL

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING MAY BE NECESSARY TO PREVENT EXPOSURE.

------6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES ------

SPILLS SHOULD BE CLEANED IMMEDIATELY TO PREVENT DISPERSION OF AIRBORNE MIS DUSTS. ISOLATE HAZARD AREA AND DENY ENTRY TO UNAUTHORIZED AND/OR UNPROTECT PERSONNEL. CLEAN UP PERSONNEL SHOULD WEAR APPROPRIATE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT INCLUDING RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AS NECESSARY (SEE SECTION 8). ANY SPILLED CHROMIC ACID SHOULD BE PLACED IN A SEPARATE CLEAN DRY CLOSED CONTAINER. DI SPILLED LIQUID MATERIAL WITH SUITABLE INERT SORBENT (I.E., SAND, SOIL, VERMICULITE) AND PLACE IN A CLEAN DRY CONTAINER FOR LATER RECYCLE OR DISPO DO NOT DRY SWEEP. CLEAN SPILLS USING WET CLEAN UP METHODS (I.E., MISTING, OR WITH A VACUUM EQUIPPED WITH A HIGH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR (HEPA) FI RUN OFF WATER IS CORROSIVE AND TOXIC. DISPOSE OF SMALL QUANTITIES THROUGH APPROVED WASTE CONTRACTOR OR REDUCE HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM TO TRIVALENT (SEE SECTION 13). DISPOSE OF IN ACCORDANCE WITH ALL LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS.

------7. HANDLING AND STORAGE ------

PROTECT CONTAINERS FROM PHYSICAL DAMAGE AND CONTAMINATION. STORE IN COOL, LOCATION AWAY FROM IGNITION SOURCES, COMBUSTIBLE, ORGANIC OR OTHER READILY OXIDIZABLE MATERIALS. DO NOT EAT, DRINK OR SMOKE IN AREAS WHERE CHROMIC AC BEING USED OR STORED. KEEP CONTAINERS CLOSED WHEN NOT IN USE. WASH HANDS THOROUGHLY AFTER HANDLING, BEFORE LEAVING THE WORK AREA, AND BEFORE MEALS BREAKS. WEAR APPROPRIATE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (SEE SECTION 8. EXP CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION) TO AVOID CONTACT WITH SKIN, EYES, AND CLOTHI WEAR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION WHERE THERE IS RISK OF EXPOSURE TO THIS PRODUC REMOVE ANY CONTAMINATED CLOTHING AND LAUNDER BEFORE REUSE. DO NOT REUSE EM CONTAINERS.

------8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION ------

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION:

MSHA/NIOSH-APPROVED FILTER TYPE DUST RESPIRATOR IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF 29 CFR 1910.134.

SKIN PROTECTION:

IMPERVIOUS COVERALLS, GLOVES, AND FOOTWEAR OR OTHER FULL-BODY PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SHOULD BE WORN WHEN THE POSSIBILITY OF EXPOSURE EXISTS.

EYE PROTECTION:

SAFETY GLASSES, CLOSE FITTING CHEMICAL SAFETY GOGGLES ARE RECOMMENDED WHEN OR MIST IS PRESENT.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS:

VENTILATION AS NECESSARY TO CONTROL CHROMIC ACID LEVELS TO BELOW ACCEPTABL EXPOSURE GUIDELINES. LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION WITH PARTIAL ENCLOSURE SHOU EMPLOYED FOR PROCESSES LIKELY TO GENERATE DUST, FUME OR MIST/SPRAY. EMERGE SHOWERS AND QUICK DRENCH EYE WASH STATIONS SHOULD BE IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO AREA.

PERSONAL SAMPLING:

AIR SAMPLING FOR HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM: 5.0 (MICRO)METER POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (OSHA ID 103).

OTHER:

COVER CUTS, GRAZES OR BROKEN SKIN WITH IMPERVIOUS DRESSINGS TO AVOID CONTAMINATION. CONTAINERS SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR WORK CLOTHING DISCARDED A END OF THE SHIFT OR AFTER A CONTAMINATION INCIDENT. CONTAMINATED CLOTHING BE HELD IN THESE CONTAINERS UNTIL REMOVED FOR DISPOSAL OR DECONTAMINATION. IMPERVIOUS CLOTHING WHICH BECOMES CONTAMINATED SHOULD BE IMMEDIATELY REMOV AREAS IN WHICH EXPOSURE MAY OCCUR SHOULD BE LIMITED TO AUTHORIZED PERSONNE WORKERS WHO HANDLE CHROMIC ACID SHOULD WASH HANDS THOROUGHLY WITH SOAP AND IF SKIN BECOMES CONTAMINATED AND BEFORE EATING, SMOKING, OR USING TOILET FACILITIES.

------9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ------

APPEARANCE: DARK RED CRYSTALS

ODOR: NONE

PH: APPROX. 1.0 FOR 1% AQUEOUS SOLUTION

BOILING POINT: DECOMPOSES

MELTING POINT: 196 DEG. C

VAPOR PRESSURE: NOT APPLICABLE

VAPOR DENSITY: NOT APPLICABLE

BULK DENSITY: 100 LBS/FT3

SOLUBILITY IN WATER: 62.5% (@ 20 DEG. C)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 2.70 (H2O = 1)

% VOLATILE BY VOLUME: NOT APPLICABLE

EVAPORATION RATE: NOT APPLICABLE

------10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY ------

STABILITY:

STABLE UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS AND USE. KEEP AWAY FROM INCOMPATIBLE MATERI

INCOMPATIBILITIES:

READILY OXIDIZES COMBUSTIBLE, ORGANIC OR OTHER READILY OXIDIZABLE MATERIAL (WOOD, PAPER, SULFUR, ALUMINUM, PLASTICS, ETC.). CORROSIVE TO METALS.

HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS:

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION MAY PRODUCE CHROMIC OXIDE AND OXYGEN.

HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: WILL NOT OCCUR.

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION: DECOMPOSITION BEGINS AT 196 DEG. C

------11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION ------

ACUTE TOXICITY:

ORAL LD50: (RAT) 52 MG/KG (BOTH SEXES)

INHALATION LC50: (RAT) 217 MG/M3 (4 H EXPOSURE - BOTH SEXES)

DERMAL LD50: (RABBIT) 57 MG/KG (BOTH SEXES)

INGESTION:

HUMAN INGESTION OF 0.5G OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM HAS RESULTED IN SERIOUS TOX DEATH HAS RESULTED FROM INGESTION OF 1 TO 8 G OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM AND SURVIVAL HAS BEEN REPORTED FOLLOWING INGESTION OF 15 G (HUMAN).

SKIN:

CHROMIC ACID IS TOXIC VIA SKIN ABSORPTION. Cr(VI) PENETRATES UNDAMAGED SKI REDUCES TO Cr(III) WHICH FORMS A SKIN ALLERGEN BY COMBINING WITH PROTEINS OTHER SKIN COMPONENTS (HUMAN).

SKIN CORROSION: MOISTENED MATERIAL CAUSES CORROSION TO THE SKIN.

EYE:

CHROMIC ACID INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY INFILTRATION, VASCULARIZATION, AND OPACIFICATION OF THE CORNEA.

INHALATION: LC50: 217 MG/M3/4H; RAT

CHRONIC:

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE CHROMATE PRODUCTION, CHROMATE PIGMENT AND CHROMIUM PLATING INDUSTRIES INDICATE THAT LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO DUST AND M CONTAINING HEXAVALENT (CrVI) COMPOUNDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK RESPIRATORY TRACT CANCER IN HUMANS.

SPECIFIC SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM THAT MAY REASONABLY BE ANTICIPATED TO BE CARCINOGENIC INCLUDE CALCIUM CHROMATE, CHROMIC ACID, LEA CHROMATE, STRONTIUM CHROMATE AND ZINC CHROMATE (NTP, SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

CARCINOGENS, PG. 46, 1994).

SUBCHRONIC: NO DATA

------12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION ------

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE:

Cr(VI) MAY REACT WITH PARTICULATE MATTER OR POLLUTANTS TO FORM Cr(III).GENERALLY CHROMIUM IS REMOVED FROM THE ATMOSPHERE THROUGH WET AND DRY DEPOSITION.

THE MAJOR STABLE FORM OF CHROMIUM IN SEAWATER IS Cr(VI). HEXAVALENT CHROMI REMAIN UNCHANGED OR CHANGE SLOWLY IN MANY NATURAL WATERS DUE TO THE LOW CONCENTRATION OF REDUCING MATTER. THE OXIDIZING ABILITY OF Cr(VI) IN AQUEO SOLUTION INCREASES AT LOWER PHS. Cr(VI) IN WATER WILL EVENTUALLY BE REDUCE Cr(III) BY ORGANIC MATTER. THE RESIDENCE TIME OF CHROMIUM IN LAKE WATER HA ESTIMATED TO BE 4.6 TO 18 YEARS. MOST CHROMIUM RELEASED INTO WATER WILL ULTIMATELY BE DEPOSITED IN THE SEDIMENT AS THE HYDROXIDE AFTER BEING REDUC Cr(III).

CHROMIUM MAY BE TRANSPORTED FROM SOIL THROUGH RUNOFF AND LEACHING OF WATER THROUGH AEROSOL FORMATION. THE ORGANIC MATTER PRESENT IN SOIL IS EXPECTED REDUCE SOLUBLE CHROMATE TO INSOLUBLE CHROMIC OXIDE (Cr2O3).

ECOTOXICITY:

THIS PRODUCT IS TOXIC TO WILDLIFE AND AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES. BIOACCUMULATI

CHROMIUM FROM SOIL TO ABOVE GROUND PARTS OF PLANTS IS UNLIKELY. THERE IS N

INDICATION OF BIOMAGNIFICATION OF CHROMIUM ALONG THE TERRESTRIAL FOOD CHAI

(SOIL-PLANT-ANIMAL).

AQUATIC TOXICITY:

96 H LC50: SALMO GAIRDNERI (RAINBOW TROUT) 69,000 (MICRO)GRAMS/L AS Cr

96 H LC50: PIMEPHALES PROMELAS (FATHEAD MINNOW) 37,000 (MICRO)GRAMS/L AS C

------13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS ------

DO NOT DISCHARGE CHROMIC ACID INTO SEWERS OR WATERWAYS. DO NOT INCINERATE LANDFILL. RECLAIM IF POSSIBLE. IF RECLAMATION IS NOT POSSIBLE, REDUCE TO TRIVALENT Cr(III) BY THE METHODS DESCRIBED BELOW OR DISPOSE OF VIA AN APPR WASTE CONTRACTOR TO A LICENSED DISPOSAL SITE.

1. SLOWLY AND CAREFULLY DISSOLVE CHROMIC ACID IN PLENTY OF WATER. SOLUTION CAUSE SEVERE BURNS - HANDLE CAREFULLY.

2. MIX WITH REDUCING AGENTS (I.E., FERROUS SULFATE) TO REDUCE TO TRIVALENT CHROMIUM.

3. PRECIPITATE TRIVALENT CHROMIUM AS CHROMIUM HYDROXIDE BY ADJUSTING PH TO WITH SODIUM CARBONATE.

4. FILTER AND DRY PRECIPITATED CHROMIUM HYDROXIDE. DISPOSE OF IN ACCORDANC LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS.

RECYCLE, RECLAIM AND DISPOSE OF IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS. DISPOSE PER 40 CFR PART 261 AND 262.

------14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION ------

DOT CLASSIFICATION:

NAME: CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE, ANHYDROUS, TOXIC (CHROMIC ACID)

HAZARD CLASS/DIVISION: 5.1

PACKING GROUP: II

UN NUMBER: 1463

LABEL: OXIDIZER, CORROSIVE,

------15. REGULATORY INFORMATION ------

OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION RULE, 29 CFR 1910.1200:

CHROMIC ACID IS HAZARDOUS UNDER CRITERIA OF THIS RULE.

SARA HAZARD CATEGORY:

THIS PRODUCT HAS BEEN REVIEWED ACCORDING TO THE EPA HAZARD CATEGORIES PROMULGATED UNDER SECTIONS 311 AND 312 OF THE SUPERFUND AMENDMENT AND REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986 (SARA TITLE III) AND IS CONSIDERED, UNDER APPL

DEFINITIONS, TO MEET THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:

FIRE HAZARD

ACUTE HEALTH HAZARDS

CHRONIC HEALTH HAZARDS

SARA 313 INFORMATION:

CHROMIC ACID IS SUBJECT TO THE REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF SECTION 313 OF TITLE III OF THE SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986 AND CFR PART 372 UNDER THE BROAD CLASS OF CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS.

COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT, 40

PART 117, PART 304:

CHROMIC ACID IS A CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE WITH A REPORTABLE QUANTITY (R 10 POUNDS. RELEASES IN EXCESS OF THIS AMOUNT SHOULD BE REPORTED TO THE NAT RESPONSE CENTER, WASHINGTON, D.C. (1-800-424-8802).

RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY (RCRA) ACT 40 CFR 261 SUBPART C:

IF THIS PRODUCT BECOMES A WASTE, IT MAY BE CHARACTERIZED AS A HAZARDOUS WASTE FOLLOWING TESTING AS PRESCRIBED BY THE RESOURCE CONSERVATI RECOVERY ACT (RCRA) REGULATIONS FOR D007 WASTES.

CLEAN AIR ACT (CAA):

CHROMIUM IS DESIGNATED AS A HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT UNDER SECTION 112 OF T CAA.

CALIFORNIA PROPOSITION 65:

CHROMIC ACID IS COVERED UNDER PROPOSITION 65 FOR HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM. APPROPRIATE WARNINGS SHOULD BE GIVEN.

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